Photons to Photos
Your trusted source for independent sensor data
Last revised: 2024-03-19 00:00 GMT-5
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Ball (black) Investigations (Ball (magenta)interactive charts Ball (blue)articles)
Data is measured from raw files taken to my specifications and contributed by people from around the world.
If you are willing to help please email me for further information.

Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Chart (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Shadow Improvement Chart (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Read Noise in DNs Chart (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Input-referred Read Noise Chart (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Sensor Heatmaps (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Energy Spectra (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Photon Transfer Curves (2024-03-11)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range versus Sensor Area Scatter Chart (2019-08-30)
Ball (magenta) Low Light ISO versus Sensor Area Scatter Chart (2019-08-30)
Ball (blue) Measurement and Sample Variation (2018-11-01)
Ball (black) Special Editions of Various Charts (Ball (magenta)interactive charts)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Fujifilm X-T3 Special Edition Chart (2018-10-21)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Nikon D850 Special Edition Chart (2018-01-01)
Ball (magenta) Read Noise in DNs Nikon D850 Special Edition Chart (2018-01-01)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Magic Lantern Dual ISO Special Edition Chart (2023-03-21)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Olympus High Res Shot Mode Special Edition Chart (2022-03-17)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Panasonic High Resoultion Mode Special Edition Chart (2019-04-16)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Pentax Pixel Shift Resolution Special Edition Chart (2018-12-03)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range Sony Pixel Shift Multi Shooting Special Edition Chart (2018-01-01)
Ball (black) Optical Bench (Ball (magenta)interactive) Recent optics updates Subscribe Photons to Photos Optics
Ball (magenta) Optical Bench (2024-03-19)
Ball (magenta) Optical Bench Hub (2024-03-19)
Ball (magenta) Optical Bench and NIKKOR - The Thousand and One Nights (2023-11-18)
Ball (magenta) Optical Bench Microscopy (2024-02-23)
Ball (magenta) Optical Bench - GOI Edition (2020-03-17)
Ball (magenta) Thick Lens Optical Bench (2021-08-23)
Ball (blue) Optics Primer (2021-06-13)
Ball (black) Tools (Ball (magenta)interactive)
Ball (magenta) Exposure Waterfall (2018-01-01)
Ball (magenta) Simple Close-up Calculator (DHTML) (2018-01-06)
Ball (magenta) Close-up Calculator (DHTML) (2018-01-06)
Ball (black) DxOMark Investigations and DxOMark Derived Data (Ball (magenta)interactive charts Ball (cyan) interactive tables Ball (blue)articles)
Data is derived from data available at DxOMark.
In general these results are less reliable than those actually measured and presented in the previous Investigations section.

Ball (magenta) DxOMark Photographic Dynamic Range Chart (2023-07-13)
Ball (blue) DxOMark ISO Sensitivities (2014-12-24)
Ball (magenta) DxOMark Derived Measured ISO Chart (2023-07-13)
Ball (blue) DxOMark Gain Analysis (2014-12-21)
Ball (magenta) DxOMark Derived Gain Chart (2023-07-13)
Ball (blue) DxOMark Read Noise Analysis (2014-11-09)
Ball (magenta) DxOMark Derived Read Noise in DNs Chart (2023-07-13)
Ball (magenta) DxOMark Derived Input-referred Read Noise Chart (2023-07-13)
Ball (cyan) DxOMark Portrait Score Audit (2023-07-13)
Ball (cyan) DxOMark Landscape Score Audit (2023-07-13)
Ball (cyan) DxOMark Sports Score Audit (2023-07-13)
Ball (magenta) DxOMark Derived Sensor Characteristics Chart and Table (2023-07-13)
Ball (black) Comparisons of My Research and that of DxOMark (Ball (magenta)interactive charts)
Ball (magenta) Photographic Dynamic Range versus DxOMark Landscape Dyname Range Scatter Chart (2019-08-30)
Ball (magenta) Low Light ISO versus DxOMark Sports ISO Scatter Chart (2019-08-30)
Ball (black) General Information (Ball (blue)articles)
Ball (black) Accessories
Ball (blue) An Investigation of GPS Battery Usage (2017-01-14)
Ball (blue) Nikon Rubber Eyecup for D300,D200,D70 etc (2008-05-15)
Ball (black) Close-up
Ball (blue) How TeleConverters Affect Magnification (2007-02-28)
Ball (blue) How Close-up Lenses Affect Magnification (2007-02-02)
Ball (blue) How Extension Tubes Affect Magnification (2007-02-02)
Ball (blue) 70-180mm and 6T with Extension Tubes on Parade (2006-11-07)
Ball (blue) 50mm f1.8D and Extension Tubes on Parade (2006-11-07)
Ball (blue) Tip - Choosing the Right Extension in the Field (2006-04-25)
Ball (blue) Example - Single versus Dual Element Close-up Lenses (2006-04-17)
Ball (blue) Examples - 18-200mm with Close-up Lens versus 50mm with Extension Tubes (2006-02-19)
Ball (blue) Measuring Magnification (2005-11-09)
Ball (black) Exposure
Ball (blue) The Exposure Waterfall - A Simple Graphical Explanation of Exposure (2015-10-14)
Ball (blue) Exposure Steps (2009-02-11)
Ball (blue) Study in Red - Part 2 (2008-09-04)
Ball (blue) Study in Red (2008-01-06)
Ball (blue) Additive Photographic Exposure System (APES) (2015-09-27)
Ball (blue) D200 Exposure Statistics (2007-05-31)
Ball (blue) Real D200 Color Temperatures for White Balance (2007-01-21)
Ball (blue) Real D200 Color Temperatures for Choose Color Temp (2007-01-20)
Ball (blue) Examples - D200 with ISO Auto and Flash (2006-11-19)
Ball (blue) ISO Auto on Parade (2006-10-30)
Ball (blue) Psychometric Lightness and Gamma (2005-03-26)
Ball (blue) Why You're Seeing Red (2005-01-10)
Ball (blue) D70 Histogram Investigation - Part 2 (2004-12-09)
Ball (blue) D70 Histogram Investigation (2004-12-07)
Ball (black) Flash
Ball (blue) Proof that CLS i-TTL Power Settings are Independent of Group (2008-09-11)
Ball (blue) Quiz - Guess the Lighting Setup (2008-01-06)
Ball (blue) Example - Isolation versus Back-fill (2007-07-07)
Ball (blue) FP Sync to Freeze Motion (2007-02-11)
Ball (blue) SB-800 - Power versus Shutter Speed (D70 and D200) (2006-07-05)
Ball (blue) Examples - Ambient, iTTL-BL, and iTTL (2006-06-11)
Ball (blue) Using Flash to Fight Noise and Retain Warm Lighting (2006-06-06)
Ball (blue) Example - Why I Now Have Two Flashes (2006-05-07)
Ball (blue) Example of SB-800 Range (2005-04-27)
Ball (blue) Getting the Built-in Flash to Fire on the D70 with Wireless (2005-04-02)
Ball (black) Focus
Ball (blue) Autofocus System Design by Marianne Oelund (2022-06-09)
Ball (blue) D300 AF-C Dynamic Focus in Action (2008-07-17)
Ball (blue) AF Fine Tuning Lens Identification (2007-12-31)
Ball (blue) Real D200 AF Sensor Sizes and Positions (2006-12-28)
Ball (blue) AF Sensor Nerdvana Achieved (2006-01-04)
Ball (black) Lenses
Ball (blue) Optics Primer (2021-06-13)
Ball (blue) Proof of Concept (2020-09-09)
Ball (blue) Locating the Focal Points (2020-09-09)
Ball (blue) Locating the Principal Points (2020-09-09)
Ball (blue) Focusing by Extension (2018-02-25)
Ball (blue) Magnification (2018-02-25)
Ball (blue) Determining the Focal Length (2020-09-09)
Ball (blue) Distance (2018-02-26)
Ball (blue) Determining the Angle of View (2021-08-25)
Ball (blue) Locating the Entrance and Exit Pupils (2020-09-09)
Ball (blue) More on the Pupils (2018-03-16)
Ball (blue) F-number and Numerical Aperture (2018-02-26)
Ball (blue) Focusing by Lowering Focal Length (2018-02-25)
Ball (blue) Zoom Lenses (2018-03-16)
Ball (blue) Close-up Lenses (2018-03-23)
Ball (blue) Effective Aperture (2018-03-28)
Ball (blue) Focal Reducers (2018-03-24)
Ball (blue) Teleconverters (2018-03-26)
Ball (blue) Depth of Field (2018-06-05)
Ball (blue) Bokeh Ball Diameter (2020-09-11)
Ball (blue) Angle of View and Pupil Magnification (2020-09-11)
Ball (blue) Angle of View and Magnification Formulas (2020-09-11)
Ball (blue) Sine versus Tangent (2020-09-11)
Ball (blue) Light Throughput (2020-09-13)
Ball (blue) Light Throughput with a Close-up Lens (2021-06-12)
Ball (blue) Projection Classification (2021-06-13)
Ball (blue) Rectilinear Projection Lenses (2021-06-15)
Ball (blue) Fisheye Projection Lenses (2021-06-15)

Ball (blue) Ray Tracing and Index of Refraction Precision (2020-12-21)
Ball (blue) Pupil Magnification versus Angle of View (2020-06-18)
Ball (blue) Focal Length at Closest Focus - 105mm f2.8G IF-ED AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor (2017-07-27)
Ball (blue) Focal Length versus Subject Distance - Sigma 150-500mm (2008-07-06)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Minimum F-stop for the Sigma 120-400mm (2008-07-05)
Ball (blue) Focal Length at Closest Focus - Sigma 100-300mm and 150-500mm (2008-07-05)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Minimum F-stop for the Sigma 150-500mm (2008-07-02)
Ball (blue) Angle of View Values for Common Focal Lengths (2006-11-22)
Ball (blue) Measuring Focal Length - 70-200mm VR (2006-04-19)
Ball (blue) Center versus Corner Sharpness of the 18-200mm DX (2006-03-18)
Ball (blue) Light Falloff and Teleconverters (2006-02-06)
Ball (blue) Analysis of T-Numbers 18-200mm versus 18-70mm (2006-01-09)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Focal Lengths 18-200mm versus 18-70mm (2006-01-09)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Sharpness 18-200mm versus 18-70mm (2006-01-09)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Light Falloff 18-200mm versus 18-70mm (2006-01-07)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Minimum F-stop for 18-200mm and 18-70mm Lenses (2006-01-06)
Ball (blue) Analysis of Geometric Distortion 18-70mm versus 18-200mm (2005-12-31)
Ball (blue) Measuring Focal Length - 18-70mm f3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S DX Zoom Nikkor (2005-11-11)
Ball (blue) Measuring Focal Length - 50mm f1.8D AF Nikkor (2005-11-11)
Ball (blue) Measuring Focal Length (2005-11-15)
Ball (blue) Angle Of View and Focal Length (2005-11-11)
Ball (black) Panoramas
Ball (blue) Panoramas - Finding the Entrance Pupil (2005-05)
Ball (black) Polarizing Filter
Ball (blue) Circular Polarizer & Wide Angle Lenses (2008-08-16)
Ball (blue) Be Not Afraid (2005-05-25)
Ball (blue) Circular Polarizer Reducing Dynamic Range Example (2005-04-27)
Ball (blue) Circular versus Linear Polarizer Identification (2005-04-14)
Ball (blue) Circular Polarizer Example of Too Much (2005-03-31)
Ball (blue) Circular Polarizer Example with Back to the Sun (2005-03-30)
Ball (blue) Circular Polarizer Example (2005-02-16)
Ball (blue) 77mm Circular Polarizers - Bowers versus Tiffen (2004-12-31)
Ball (black) Post Processing
Ball (blue) Resizing Example (2008-10-05)
Ball (blue) Distance Formula Redux (2007-07-24)
Ball (blue) Opanda Primer (2007-01-06)
Ball (blue) Bug in Nikon Transfer 6.2.5 W (2006-08-23)
Ball (blue) Perspective Control (2006-01-30)
Ball (blue) Bug in Nikon Transfer 6.2.7 W (2005-12-31)
Ball (blue) Color Space Basics (2007-12-15)
Ball (blue) Choosing A Working Color Space (2007-12-15)
Ball (blue) HDR Example - Lights burning out Interior Shots (2005-04-15)
Ball (black) Sensors & Raw
Ball (blue) Sensor Analysis Primer (2019-04-30)
Ball (blue) Gain (2011-11-08)
Ball (blue) Read Noise - Optical Black (2009-02-28)
Ball (blue) Photon Transfer Curve (2009-02-28)
Ball (blue) White Level (2009-03-01)
Ball (blue) BlackLevel Study (2019-04-28)
Ball (blue) WhiteLevel Study (2019-04-30)
Ball (blue) Engineering and Photographic Dynamic Range (2009-03-02)
Ball (blue) Photographic Dynamic Range Summary (2009-03-04)
Ball (blue) DX Crop Mode Photographic Dynamic Range (2012-03-01)
Ball (blue) Photographic Dynamic Range Shadow Improvement (2012-03-03)
Ball (blue) Fixed Pattern Noise Analysis (2015-03-09)
Ball (blue) An Introduction to 2D Fourier Transforms for Sensor Analysis (2017-01-30)
Ball (blue) An Introduction to Energy Spectra for Sensor Analysis (2021-03-27)
Ball (blue) Energy Spectra and Repeating Patterns (2021-03-27)
Ball (blue) Energy Spectra and Filtering (2021-03-27)
Ball (blue) Dark Current Non-Uniformity (2022-02-19)
Ball (blue) Bad Pixel Detection (2019-06-19)
Ball (blue) Olympus Sensor Calibration as Compared with DxOMark Measured ISO (2019-02-10)
Ball (blue) Quantization Error in Practice (2015-09-23)
Ball (blue) Noise, Dynamic Range and Bit Depth in Digital SLRs by Emil Martinec (2015-08-15)
Ball (blue) Sony A7RM2 DR-Pix Read Noise (2015-08-29)
Ball (blue) Nikon D810 Dual Amplifier Read Noise (2014-12-21)
Ball (blue) Sony A7S DR-Pix Read Noise (2015-08-29)
Ball (blue) Aptina DR-Pix Technology White Paper (2010-09-21)
Ball (blue) Constructing a Spectral Locus (2014-04-20)
Ball (blue) Spectral Response of Bayer and X3 (2014-04-21)
Ball (blue) Verifying X3 Planes (2014-04-21)
Ball (blue) D4 Full Well Capacity and Gain Estimates (2012-03-20)
Ball (blue) FX Read Noise Comparison (2012-02-16)
Ball (blue) D800 Read Noise (2012-02-09)
Ball (blue) D4 Read Noise (2012-03-20)
Ball (blue) D7000 Read Noise (2012-04-02)
Ball (blue) D700 Read Noise (2011-12-17)
Ball (blue) D90 Does Noise Reduction on NEFs at Longer Exposures (2008-11-01)
Ball (blue) D300 and D200 Do Noise Reduction on Longer Exposures (2008-03-13)
Ball (blue) D300 and D200 NEF Files Can Be Affected by Noise Reduction (2008-03-07)
Ball (blue) D3 NEF Files Can Be Affected by Noise Reduction (2008-03-07)
Ball (blue) D300 (and D3) Read Noise (2008-03-04)
Ball (blue) D300 (and D3) Gain (2008-03-03)
Ball (blue) Resolution Doesn't Matter (2008-01-19)
Ball (blue) Photon Transfer Curve (2007-11-24)
Ball (blue) Read Noise (2007-11-25)
Ball (blue) D70 Native Color Space (2007-04-21)
Ball (blue) Circle of Confusion (2006-06-28)
Ball (blue) Example of a D200 Photosite Analysis (2006-05-30)
Ball (blue) Moiré and the In-camera Sharpness Setting (2006-02-20)
Ball (blue) Nikon Raw Values are Quantized (2004-11-23)
Ball (black) Fujifilm Info (Generally useful Fujifilm information)
Ball (green) Fujifilm MCEX-11 and MCEX-16 on XF and XC Lenses (2022-03-30)
Ball (green) Fujifilm MCEX-18G and MCEX-45G on GF Lenses (2023-03-16)
Ball (black) Nikon DSLR Info (Generally useful Nikon DSLR information)
Ball (blue) NEF Compression (2021-01-28)
Ball (green) NEF Version Matrix (2021-07-02)
Ball (green) DNG Info Matrix (2020-08-22)
Ball (black) Sigma Info (Generally useful Sigma information)
Ball (blue) Progression of Sigma Cameras (2017-02-25)
Ball (green) SD9 Dark Frame Investigation (2014-04-19)
Ball (black) Nikon D300 Info (Generally useful Nikon D300 information)
Ball (blue) D300 Standard Picture Controls (2009-01-17)
Ball (green) D300 Viewfinder (2007-12-02)
Ball (black) Nikon D200 Info (Generally useful Nikon D200 information)
Ball (blue) How Settings Are Affected by Optimize Image (2006-08-06)
Ball (cyan) Annotated D200 Viewfinder (2005-08-07)
Ball (black) Nikon D70 Info (Generally useful Nikon D70 information)
Ball (blue) How Color Mode is Affected by Mode (2005-05-12)
Ball (green) How Image Sharpening is Affected by Mode (2005-05-12)
Ball (cyan) Annotated D70 Viewfinder (2005-05-04)
Ball (black) Collaborations
Ball (blue) Collaboration Overview (2017-12-20)
Ball (blue) Dynamic Range Collaboration (2022-01-08)
Ball (blue) Fixed Pattern Noise Collaboration (2019-04-08)
Ball (blue) ISO Collaboration (2017-03-11)
Ball (black) Photo Galleries (DHTML)
Ball (blue) All My Images from Online Posts (2009-01-25)
Ball (green) Birds (2007-05-26)
Ball (cyan) Butterflies (2008-09-24)
Ball (red) Flowers (2007-06-08)
Ball (magenta) Nikon D70 (2005-07-03)
Ball (yellow) Nikonos V (2005-07-03)
Ball (blue) Nikkormat EL (2005-07-03)
Ball (green) Stacked Images (2009-02-23)
Ball (cyan) Selected Nikonian Posts (2007-01-15)
Ball (red) Images Posted on BugGuide.net (external link) (2006-11-07)
Ball (black) Downloads (General)
Ball (blue) NefUtil Instructions (2011-11-08)
Ball (blue) NefUtil Program v2.1 (2018-11-12)
Note that Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 or later must be installed on your Windows PC
Ball (green) DMove Instructions (2007-10-25)
Ball (green) DMove Program (2012-07-25)
Ball (cyan) NEF2ACR Instructions and Program (2008-12-28)
Ball (black) Links
Ball (green)
Ball (blue)
Ball (blue)
Ball (magenta) (sign up required) (Nikonian membership required for certain forums)
Ball (red) Links to older Nikonian Posts I Have Made (Nikonian membership required for certain forums)

Ball (blue)

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